英語美文口袋書：文化篇

2023年10月13日星期五 祝福早安 天氣多雲 氣溫16℃ 《英語美文 文化篇》 Do you think studying in adifferent country is something that sounds very exciting?There are also some challenges you will encounter.Because your views may clash with the different beliefs,norms,values,and traditions that exist in different countries.This is culture shock.Evidently,at least four essential stages of culture-shock adjustment occur. The first stage is called“the honeymoon.”In this stage,you feel excited about living in adifferent place,and everything seems to be marvelous.You like everything,and everybody seems to be so nice to you.Also,the amusement of life in anew culture seems as though it will have no ending. Eventually,however,the second stage of culture shock appears.This is the“hostility stage.”You begin to notice that not everything is as good as you had originally thought it was.Moreover,people don’t treat you like aguest anymore.Everything that seemed to be so wonderful at first is now awful,and everything makes you feel distressed and tired. Usually at this point in your adjustment to anew culture,you devise some defense mechanisms to help you cope and to protect yourself against the effects of culture shock.One type of coping mechanism is called“repression.”This happens when you pretend that everything is acceptable and that nothing bothers you.Another type of defense mechanism is called“regression.”This occurs when you start to act as if you are younger than you actually are.You forget everything,and sometimes you become careless and irresponsible.The third kind of defense mechanism is called“isolation.”You would rather be home alone,and you don’t want to communicate with anybody.With isolation,you try to avoid the effects of culture shock.Isolation is one of the worst coping mechanisms you can use because it separates you from those things that could really help you.The last type of defense mechanism is called“rejection.”With this coping mechanism,you think you don’t need anybody.You feel you are coping fine alone. The defense mechanisms you utilize in the hostility stage are not helpful.If you only occasionally use one of these coping mechanisms to help yourself survive,that is acceptable.You must be cautious,however.These mechanisms can really hurt you because they prevent you from making necessary adjustments to the new culture. After you deal with your hostile feelings,recognition of the temporary nature of culture shock begins.Then you come to the third stage called“recovery.”In this stage,you start feeling more positive,and you try to develop comprehension of everything you don’t understand,and you adjust yourself to the new norms,values,and even beliefs and traditions of the new country.You begin to see that even though the distinctions of the culture are different from your own,it has elements that you can learn to appreciate. The last stage of culture shock is called“adjustment.”In this stage,you have reached apoint where you actually feel good because you have learned enough to understand the new culture.The things that initially made you feel uncomfortable or strange are now things that you understand.This acquisition of understanding alleviates much of the stress.Now you feel comfortable;you have adjusted to the new culture. Evidently,culture shock is something you cannot avoid when living in aforeign country.It does not seem like avery helpful experience when you are going through its four stages.However,when you have completely adjusted to anew culture you can more fully enjoy it.You learn how to interact with other people,and you learn aconsiderable amount about life in aculture that is not your own.Furthermore,learning about other cultures and how to adjust to the shock of living in them helps you learn more aboutyourself. 中文譯文 文化衝擊 卡勒弗·奧伯格 你認爲在異國留學是一件聽起來非常興奮的事情嗎？你也會遇到一些挑戰。因爲你的觀點可能會與不同國家的不同信念、準則、價值觀念和傳統發生衝突。這就是文化衝擊。很明顯，在人們適應文化衝擊的過程中至少會經歷四個主要階段。 第一階段叫作“蜜月期”。在這一階段裏，你會因爲能在一個不同國度裏生活而感到興奮不已，而且每一樣東西都是那麼美好。你什麼都喜歡，而且好像每個人都對你很好。另外，新文化中的生活好像樂趣無限。 然而文化衝擊的第二階段最終還是出現了。這就是“敵意階段”。你開始注意到並不是每樣東西都如同你原先認爲的那樣美好。還有，人們也不再把你當作一個客人來對待了。所有最初看上去非常美好的東西現在變得讓人討厭了，而且每樣東西都使你感到苦惱和厭倦。 通常在你適應一種新文化的過程中進入這一階段時，你會採取一些幫助你應對和保護自己免受文化衝擊影響的保護性機制。其中有一種叫作“壓抑”。當你假裝所有的東西都是可以接受的，沒有什麼令你感到煩惱的時候，你就是在用“壓抑”機制。另一種保護性機制是“倒退”。當你的行爲舉止開始顯得比你實際年齡要小的時候，你就在用這種機制。你忘記一切，有時會變得粗心大意和不負責任。第三種保護性機制叫“隔絕”。你寧可一個人待在家裏，也不想和任何人交流。你想通過隔絕以避免受到文化衝擊的影響。隔絕也許是人們用來對付文化衝擊的最糟糕的辦法之一，因爲你把那些能真正幫助你的東西和你隔離開來了。最後一種保護性機制是“排斥”。這一辦法讓你覺得自己不需要任何幫助，自己可以獨自把事情處理好。 你在敵意階段中所採用的這些方法並不能解決問題。如果你只是偶爾使用一下其中一種來幫助你生存下去，這還情有可原。但是你必須謹慎小心，這些辦法可能會真的使你受到傷害，因爲它們會阻礙你對新的文化做出必要的適應。 在你對付過了自己的敵對情緒後，你就會開始認識到文化衝擊的短暫性。然後你就會步入第三階段——“恢復期”。在這個階段，你開始變得積極起來，會努力去理解所有你並不理解的東西。你開始使自己適應新的準則、新的價值觀念，乃至這個新國家的各種信仰和傳統。你開始明白，雖然這種新文化的特點和你自己的文化特點有所不同，其中也必定有着值得你學習和欣賞的東西。 文化衝擊的最後一個階段是“適應階段”。在這個階段裏，你達到了真正感覺良好的境界，因爲你已經學到了很多東西，已經能理解這新的文化了。最初使你感到不舒服或者陌生的東西，現在已成了你能理解的東西了。這種理解會減輕你的許多壓力。現在你感到舒服，你已經適應了新的文化。 很顯然，文化衝擊是一種生活在異國他鄉的人們無法避免的東西。當你在經歷文化衝擊的這四個階段時，它似乎並不是一件有益的事。然而，當你完全適應了某一種新的文化時，你會更加徹底地享受它。你學會了如何與他人交流，而且你還了解了大量與自己不同文化背景的人們的生活境況。此外，瞭解其他各種文化以及當你生活在其中時懂得如何去適應所受到的衝擊，可以幫助你更好地瞭解你自己。 詞彙速記 devise　v.　想出，策劃 mechanism　n.　機制 cope　v.　處理，對付 美句欣賞 In this stage,you start feeling more positive,and you try to develop comprehension of everything you don’t understand,and you adjust yourself to the new norms,values,and even beliefs and traditions of the new country.在這個階段，你開始變得積極起來，會努力去理解所有你並不理解的東西。你開始使自己適應新的準則、新的價值觀念，乃至這個新國家的各種信仰和傳統。 Let us not wallow in the valley of despair,I say to you today,my friends.And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow,I still have adream.It is adream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have adream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed:“We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal.” I have adream that one day on the red hills of Georgia,the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have adream that one day even the state of Mississippi,a state sweltering with the heat of injustice,sweltering with the heat of oppression,will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have adream that my four little children will one day live in anation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have adream today! I have adream that one day,down in Alabama,with its vicious racists,with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of“interposition”and“nullification”—one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have adream today! I have adream that one day every valley shall be exalted,and every hill and mountain shall be made low,the rough places will be made plain,and the crooked places will be made straight;and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope,and this is the faith that Igo back to the South with.With this faith,we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair astone of hope.With this faith,we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into abeautiful symphony of brotherhood.With this faith,we will be able to work together,to pray together,to struggle together,to go to jail together,to stand up for freedom together,knowing that we will be free one day. And this will be the day—this will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to sing with new meaning: My country’tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee Ising. Land where my fathers died, Land of the Pilgrim’s pride, From every mountainside, Let freedom ring! And if America is to be agreat nation,this must become true. 中文譯文 我有一個夢想 馬丁·路德·金 朋友們，今天我要告訴你們，我們切莫再沉湎於絕望的深淵之中。儘管我們面臨重重困難，但我仍然有一個夢想。這個夢想深深紮根於偉大的美國夢。 我有個夢想：總有一天這個國家奮然而起，實現其信條的真諦：“我們認爲這些真理不言自明，每個人生而平等。” 我有個夢想：總有一天在佐治亞州的紅土山坡上，昔日奴隸的兒子與昔日奴隸主的兒子能夠如兄弟手足般同榻而坐。 我有個夢想：總有一天就算是密西西比這樣一個被不公正與種族壓迫的熱潮所統治的荒漠之州，也能轉變成一方自由和正義的綠洲。 我有個夢想：總有一天我的四個孩子將生活在一個不是以他們的膚色、而是以他們內在品質來評價他們的國度中。 今天，我有一個夢想。 我有個夢想：總有一天亞拉巴馬州——該州還存在惡毒的種族主義者，其州長今天仍在鼓吹反對和廢除聯邦法令的論調——能有所不同，黑人小男孩與小女孩能夠和白人小男孩與小女孩如兄弟姐妹般地攜手同行。 今天，我有一個夢想。 我有個夢想：總有一天我們會填平所有的峽谷，夷平所有的山丘，崎嶇之地將變爲坦蕩的平原，曲折之路將變爲筆直的大道；主的榮光將會顯現，芸芸衆生同聲讚歎。 這是我們的渴望，也是將隨我返回南方去的信念。靠着這個信念，我們就能把絕望之山鑿成希望之石。靠着這個信念，我們就能把我們國家裏種族爭鬥的雜音，譜成一篇兄弟般友愛的動人樂章。靠着這個信念，我們就能共同工作，共同祈盼，共同戰鬥，共同昂首入獄，共同維護自由。我們知道，總有一天，我們會獲得自由。 當這一天到來之時，上帝所有的子民都能以全新的意義高唱：我的祖國，親愛的自由之邦，我爲你歌唱。這是祖先安息的故園，這是朝聖者爲之自豪的土地。讓自由之聲在每一座山峯迴響！ 當美國要成爲真正偉大的國家，這一切必將成真。 詞彙速記 wallow　v.　沉溺 oasis　n.　綠洲 interposition　n.　干涉，異議 nullification　n.　取消，廢棄 exalt　v.　頌揚，提升 symphony　n.　交響樂 美句欣賞 I have adream that one day every valley shall be exalted,and every hill and mountain shall be made low,the rough places will be made plain,and the crooked places will be made straight;and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.我有個夢想：總有一天我們會填平所有的峽谷，夷平所有的山丘，崎嶇之地將變爲坦蕩的平原，曲折之路將變爲筆直的大道；主的榮光將會顯現，芸芸衆生同聲讚歎。