
约翰·里奇斯
《<圣经>纵览》是一部内容深沉、年代久远的记录。它已经有两千多年的历史,部分内容被译为两千多种语言,是全球最畅销的书,它影响了西方文化方方面面的发展,塑造了无数人的生活观和价值观。《圣经》如此巨大的力量究竟从何而来?本书从多方面探讨了这一问题,包括《圣经》的写作过程、不同社群和文化对《圣经》的解读、《圣经》对当代高雅文化和流行文化的影响、《圣经》在政治舞台上扮演的角色等。书中穿插有不少典范的《圣经》引文及其传播史上的轶事,内容精当而丰富,引领读者轻松走进《圣经》世界。
#百科通识文库之51 #《圣经》专题之1 #《圣经纵览》 外研社的这套《百科通识文库》其实就是牛津大学出版的那套 A Very Short Introduction, 译林出版社出了近200本《牛津通识读本》,我在微信读书中读完了在线的151本,加上外研社这套54本,共205本。在这套《牛津通识读本》结束之际,今天新开始一个专题:犹太、基督、伊斯兰三大一神教的正典《圣经》。 圣经是迄今为止世界上发行量最大的读物,1815至1975年共发行25亿册,1998年发行20,751,515册。在当今世界的6,500种语言中,《圣经》的部分经卷已被译成2,212种语言,《圣经》全书则被译成350多种语言。 先说亚伯拉罕一神教。在人类文明早期,崇拜的是山川、河流、雷鸣、闪电等自然界中具体的事物,这称为“自然崇拜”。后逐渐演化为多神教,玉帝、王母、宙斯、阿波罗等等。而在中东犹太人聚居区诞生了一神教,耶和华(上帝/安拉)是唯一的神。 圣经又两部分组成,上半部分讲上帝通过摩西与犹太人的约定,称为《圣经·旧约》,下半部分讲上帝通过耶稣与基督徒的约定,称为《圣经·新约》。旧约源自犹太人汇编整理公元前1000年至公元前200年的典籍,定稿为希伯来《圣经》。而新约源自保罗等耶稣的弟子收集汇编的耶稣言行语录,有点像子贡等孔门弟子汇编整理孔子言行对话而得《论语》。 值得一提的是,虽然基督教虽源自犹太教,但两者关系并不和谐。原因很简单,耶稣本是犹太人,犹太教仅限于犹太人信仰。但耶稣擅自扩大了教义,使得所有信奉耶和华的人均可成为受神庇佑的基督徒,这才正统犹太人眼中,无疑是大逆不道的异端。于是他被犹太长老们送上了罗马总督的十字架。在教义上,犹太人只信《旧约》,而基督徒信旧约和新约,伊斯兰教除了旧约和新约外,还要外加《古兰经》。因此我们可以看到很多圣经人物以不同的名字出现在基督教世界和伊斯兰教世界中,如: 亚伯拉罕:易卜拉欣 以实玛利:伊斯玛仪 所罗门:苏莱曼 摩西:穆萨 以撒:伊斯哈格 雅各:叶尔孤白 约翰:叶哈雅 大卫:达伍德 约瑟夫:尤素福 看来,我们那位难缠的小伙伴还有个名字叫以撒,就是那个差点被虔诚的老父亲亚伯拉罕杀死献祭耶和华的那个小伙子。几个月前跟一位上校聊天,说到伊斯兰教的宰牲节,他说就是为了纪念神用羔羊换下了祭台上的以撒,以表彰亚伯拉罕的忠诚。 写得太多了,展开讲说不完,就这样吧。
▉《圣经》为人类思想、文学和艺术中某些具有纪念碑意义的作品提供了灵感,同时也滋生了人类某些最恶劣的野蛮、自私和偏狭(如:屠杀迦南人等,为殖民屠杀找到合理化依据。以圣战的名义十字军东征,猎杀女巫,以异端的名义党同伐异,仇恨科学烧死伽利略,淹死重洗派,殖民美洲非洲,屠杀印第安人,二战屠杀犹太人。触目惊心!) ▉《圣经》激发过世间男女的勇敢和奉献行为,鼓励他们为解放和人类的发展而奋斗(如解放神学);同时也为那种奴役同胞、使他们陷于卑贱和贫困的社会提供了意识形态支持。(如马克思的评论,宗教是人民的鸦片,是被压迫者的无声的叹息。尼采说的是奴隶的道德。是奴隶社会弱者对强者的愤恨的产物。) ▉最近的复兴体现在基督教在非洲和亚洲的迅速成长上。最重要的或许是,它提供了某种宗教和道德规范的来源,使不同的人群能实现联合,相互关照,彼此保护;而恰恰是这种强烈的归属感,又反过来激起民族的、种族的和国际性的紧张和冲突。 ▉也就是说,《圣经》既是真善美的源泉,同时又曾引起假恶丑的现象。它未曾产出的是某种一成不变的阅读和阐释方式。造成这种现象的原因并不复杂:文本无力控制它被阅读的方式。 ▉《圣经》材料的丰富性,编撰过程的复杂性,隐喻、诗歌、叙事和论述的多样性,都使我们难以指望这部著作只有一种无可争议的阅读方式。 ▉事实上,已经发生之事更像是打开了潘多拉的盒子:风一旦吹出来,就无法把它收回去。16世纪上半叶,欧洲将近三分之一的人口死于宗教战争的战火中。 ▉这一事实的真正意味是,我们必须学会更具批判性地阅读《圣经》。 ▉▉历史无数次的证明了:一神论宗教因为强烈的排他性和以选民自居的自我优越感,教条主义往往导致残忍和战争。
圣经即是犹太人的一部历史长河,也是对于人生的一本很好的说明书🎼🎼🎼
我只想说我读错书了,我想要读的是圣经原著
一直在找关于《圣经》的书,读它!
2022年3月25日 星期四 气温10℃ 祝福早安 天气阴雨 《圣经纵览》 在纵览圣经之前 我们还是读读圣经吧 马是为打仗之日预备的;得胜乃在乎耶和华。(箴言21:31 和合本) The horse is made ready for the day of battle, but victory rests with the LORD . (Proverbs21:31 NIV) 总要披戴主耶稣基督,不要为肉体安排,去放纵私欲。(罗马书13:14 和合本) Rather, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and do not think about how to gratify the desires of the flesh.(Romans13:14 NIV) 耶稣受了洗,随即从水里上来。天忽然为他开了,他就看见 神的灵仿佛鸽子降下,落在他身上。 从天上有声音说:“这是我的爱子,我所喜悦的。”(马太福音3:16-17 和合本) As soon as Jesus was baptized, he went up out of the water. At that moment heaven was opened, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and alighting on him. And a voice from heaven said, “This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased.” (Matthew3:16-17 NIV) 为这些事作见证,并且记载这些事的就是这门徒;我们也知道他的见证是真的。耶稣所行的事还有许多,若是一一地都写出来,我想,所写的书就是世界也容不下了。(约翰福音21:24-25 和合本) This is the disciple who testifies to these things and who wrote them down. We know that his testimony is true. Jesus did many other things as well. If every one of them were written down, I suppose that even the whole world would not have room for the books that would be written. (John21:24-25 NIV) ‘愿耶和华赐福给你,保护你。 愿耶和华使他的脸光照你,赐恩给你。 愿耶和华向你仰脸,赐你平安。’ 他们要如此奉我的名为以色列人祝福;我也要赐福给他们。”(民数记6:24-27 和合本) “ ‘ “The LORD bless you and keep you; the LORD make his face shine on you and be gracious to you; the LORD turn his face toward you and give you peace.” ’ “So they will put my name on the Israelites, and I will bless them.” (Numbers6:24-27 NIV) 十一个门徒往加利利去,到了耶稣约定的山上。 他们见了耶稣就拜他,然而还有人疑惑。 耶稣进前来,对他们说:“天上地下所有的权柄都赐给我了。 所以,你们要去,使万民作我的门徒,奉父、子、圣灵的名给他们施洗(或译:给他们施洗,归于父、子、圣灵的名)。 凡我所吩咐你们的,都教训他们遵守,我就常与你们同在,直到世界的末了。”(马太福音28:16-20 和合本) Then the eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mountain where Jesus had told them to go. When they saw him, they worshiped him; but some doubted. Then Jesus came to them and said, “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me.Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age.”(Matthew28:16-20 NIV) 论到从起初原有的生命之道,就是我们所听见、所看见、亲眼看过、亲手摸过的。( 这生命已经显现出来,我们也看见过,现在又作见证,将原与父同在、且显现与我们那永远的生命传给你们。) 我们将所看见、所听见的传给你们,使你们与我们相交。我们乃是与父并他儿子耶稣基督相交的。 我们将这些话写给你们,使你们(有古卷:我们)的喜乐充足。 神就是光,在他毫无黑暗。这是我们从主所听见、又报给你们的信息。 我们若说是与 神相交,却仍在黑暗里行,就是说谎话,不行真理了。 我们若在光明中行,如同 神在光明中,就彼此相交,他儿子耶稣的血也洗净我们一切的罪。 我们若说自己无罪,便是自欺,真理不在我们心里了。 我们若认自己的罪, 神是信实的,是公义的,必要赦免我们的罪,洗净我们一切的不义。 我们若说自己没有犯过罪,便是以 神为说谎的,他的道也不在我们心里了。(约翰一书1:1-10 和合本) That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked at and our hands have touched—this we proclaim concerning the Word of life. The life appeared; we have seen it and testify to it, and we proclaim to you the eternal life, which was with the Father and has appeared to us. We proclaim to you what we have seen and heard, so that you also may have fellowship with us. And our fellowship is with the Father and with his Son, Jesus Christ. We write this to make our joy complete. This is the message we have heard from him and declare to you: God is light; in him there is no darkness at all. If we claim to have fellowship with him and yet walk in the darkness, we lie and do not live out the truth. But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus, his Son, purifies us from all sin. If we claim to be without sin, we deceive ourselves and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. If we claim we have not sinned, we make him out to be a liar and his word is not in us. (1 John1:1-10 NIV) 神的命令就是叫我们信他儿子耶稣基督的名,且照他所赐给我们的命令彼此相爱。 遵守 神命令的,就住在 神里面, 神也住在他里面。我们所以知道 神住在我们里面是因他所赐给我们的圣灵。(约翰一书3:23-24 和合本) And this is his command: to believe in the name of his Son, Jesus Christ, and to love one another as he commanded us. The one who keeps God’s commands lives in him, and he in them. And this is how we know that he lives in us: We know it by the Spirit he gave us. (1 John3:23-24 NIV) 我们爱,因为 神先爱我们。 人若说“我爱 神”,却恨他的弟兄,就是说谎话的;不爱他所看见的弟兄,就不能爱没有看见的 神(有古卷:怎能爱没有看见的 神呢)。 爱 神的,也当爱弟兄,这是我们从 神所受的命令。(约翰一书4:19-21 和合本) We love because he first loved us. Whoever claims to love God yet hates a brother or sister is a liar. For whoever does not love their brother and sister, whom they have seen, cannot love God, whom they have not seen. And he has given us this command: Anyone who loves God must also love their brother and sister. (1 John4:19-21 NIV) 亲爱的弟兄啊,你们却要在至圣的真道上造就自己,在圣灵里祷告, 保守自己常在 神的爱中,仰望我们主耶稣基督的怜悯,直到永生。 有些人存疑心,你们要怜悯他们; 有些人你们要从火中抢出来,搭救他们;有些人你们要存惧怕的心怜悯他们,连那被情欲沾染的衣服也当厌恶。那能保守你们不失脚、叫你们无瑕无疵、欢欢喜喜站在他荣耀之前的我们的救主-独一的 神, 愿荣耀、威严、能力、权柄,因我们的主耶稣基督归与他,从万古以前并现今,直到永永远远。阿们!(犹大书1:20-25 和合本) But you, dear friends, by building yourselves up in your most holy faith and praying in the Holy Spirit, keep yourselves in God’s love as you wait for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ to bring you to eternal life. Be merciful to those who doubt; save others by snatching them from the fire; to others show mercy, mixed with fear—hating even the clothing stained by corrupted flesh.To him who is able to keep you from stumbling and to present you before his glorious presence without fault and with great joy— to the only God our Savior be glory, majesty, power and authority, through Jesus Christ our Lord, before all ages, now and forevermore! Amen. (Jude1:20-25 NIV) 我的心默默无声,专等候 神;我的救恩是从他而来。惟独他是我的磐石,我的拯救;他是我的高台,我必不很动摇。...主啊,慈爱也是属乎你,因为你照着各人所行的报应他。(诗篇62:1-2,12 和合本) Truly my soul finds rest in God; my salvation comes from him. Truly he is my rock and my salvation; he is my fortress, I will never be shaken. ...and with you, Lord, is unfailing love”; and, “You reward everyone according to what they have done.” (Psalm62:1-2,12 NIV) 你有信心,就当在 神面前守着。人在自己以为可行的事上能不自责,就有福了。 若有疑心而吃的,就必有罪,因为他吃不是出于信心。凡不出于信心的都是罪。(罗马书14:22-23 和合本) So whatever you believe about these things keep between yourself and God. Blessed is the one who does not condemn himself by what he approves. But whoever has doubts is condemned if they eat, because their eating is not from faith; and everything that does not come from faith is sin.(Romans14:22-23 NIV) 因为 神的国不在乎言语,乃在乎权能。 你们愿意怎么样呢?是愿意我带着刑杖到你们那里去呢?还是要我存慈爱温柔的心呢?(哥林多前书4:20-21 和合本) For the kingdom of God is not a matter of talk but of power. What do you prefer? Shall I come to you with a rod of discipline, or shall I come in love and with a gentle spirit? (1 Corinthians4:20-21 NIV) 主-耶和华啊,我的眼目仰望你;我投靠你,求你不要将我撇得孤苦!(诗篇141:8 和合本) But my eyes are fixed on you, Sovereign LORD ; in you I take refuge—do not give me over to death. (Psalm141:8 NIV) 以色列安然居住;雅各的本源独居五谷新酒之地。他的天也滴甘露。以色列啊,你是有福的!谁像你这蒙耶和华所拯救的百姓呢?他是你的盾牌,帮助你,是你威荣的刀剑。你的仇敌必投降你;你必踏在他们的高处。(申命记33:28-29 和合本) So Israel will live in safety; Jacob will dwell secure in a land of grain and new wine, where the heavens drop dew. Blessed are you, Israel! Who is like you, a people saved by the LORD ? He is your shield and helper and your glorious sword. Your enemies will cower before you, and you will tread on their heights.” (Deuteronomy33:28-29 NIV) 神说:因为他专心爱我,我就要搭救他;因为他知道我的名,我要把他安置在高处。他若求告我,我就应允他;他在急难中,我要与他同在;我要搭救他,使他尊贵。我要使他足享长寿,将我的救恩显明给他。(诗篇91:14-16 和合本) “Because he loves me,” says the LORD , “I will rescue him; I will protect him, for he acknowledges my name. He will call on me, and I will answer him; I will be with him in trouble, I will deliver him and honor him. With long life I will satisfy him and show him my salvation.” (Psalm91:14-16 NIV) “隐秘的事是属耶和华-我们 神的;惟有明显的事是永远属我们和我们子孙的,好叫我们遵行这律法上的一切话。”(申命记29:29 和合本) The secret things belong to the LORD our God, but the things revealed belong to us and to our children forever, that we may follow all the words of this law. (Deuteronomy29:29 NIV) 耶和华的声音惊动母鹿落胎,树木也脱落净光。凡在他殿中的,都称说他的荣耀。洪水泛滥之时,耶和华坐着为王;耶和华坐着为王,直到永远。耶和华必赐力量给他的百姓;耶和华必赐平安的福给他的百姓。(诗篇29:9-11 和合本) The voice of the LORD twists the oaks and strips the forests bare. And in his temple all cry, “Glory!” The LORD sits enthroned over the flood; the LORD is enthroned as King forever. The LORD gives strength to his people; the LORD blesses his people with peace.
这本书真的很简略, 印象比较深的一点就是很多经卷有可能是不那么被人知道的作者写成并附会诸如大卫保罗等大先知的名字写成的,已难以考证。 这书的基调还是很发展性的,随着时代发展,我们对圣经的认识也在不断深入,圣经对文化艺术流行的影响将会不断持续。
我们必须学会更具批判性地阅读《圣经》。我们必须更好地适应《圣经》文本中各种不同的声音。同样,我们还需要意识到使用《圣经》的不同方式,并学着鉴别这些不同的使用方式。
一开始觉得本书有点枯燥,差得没读下去。后来静下心来读,发现作者的一些观点客观而新奇,也解开了我之前对《圣经》的一些疑问。 作为一名非基督教,我其实一直对《圣经》中的某些描写是不能接受的,觉得和基督教的本意是矛盾的。读了本书,反而部分理解了。一本书,一段描写,其实可以从不同方面来解读。能说得通,都可以接受。 《圣经》文本极其丰富,可塑性也很强,可以从各种差异很大的角度来解读:同样的《圣经》文本既可能让一个民族生存,也可能使他们灭亡,这完全取决于如何来解读。 《圣经》的意象被置于特定的情景之中:《圣经》的形象和象征被随意利用,在面临可能切断和破坏人类关系的教会和社群中的疏离力量时,寻求整全和包容。人们在求助《圣经》时,不是把它当作一套规范来运用,而是当作一种能为人们的生命体验赋予形式和结构的想象性资源,可以自由地、有选择地运用。 《圣经》正典的权威性首先且最重要在于其塑造性,它所提供的工具和意象既能奴役人,也能解放人。洞察力是不可或缺的,然而,检验的方式却是实践性的而非历史性的。 不是基督徒,对《圣经》研究有限,但是深觉作者以上观点是正确的。
读《圣经故事》的视角是在旁边看。就是看着一波又一波的人在漫长的历史过程中今天这个明天那个。 《圣经纵览》的视角是在上面看。并没有超越我们的时空,但是能涵盖更长的时间和更广的范围。《圣经》里的故事既是果也是因,既能找到它们的由来,也能看到对后世的深远影响。尤其是后者,一句经文的蝴蝶效应绵延几百年,一段教义被反复琢磨拉扯,同一种行为兼容了高尚和邪恶,同一段历史囊括了福祉和灾难。信仰和理性时而缠斗时而粘合,崇拜和批判谁也不能征服谁。它为人们提供生存的基础,同时又让许多人因它丧命。没有《圣经》很难想象世界会是什么样,有了也不容易理解它会让世界变成这样。