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《旧约》入门 封面

《旧约》入门

迈克尔·库根

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内容简介

《<旧约>入门》旧约究竟是什么?它和希伯来圣经有什么区别?天主教、东正教和新教各自的圣经又有什么不同?古代近东文献的发现对解读圣经有何意义?旧约是如何将历史和神话结合在一起的?考古发现以及其他非圣经证据对解读旧约有何帮助?著名的圣经学者迈克尔·库根以广阔的视角深入探讨了旧约的方方面面,引领我们走进旧约——这一集史书、文学作品和圣经典籍于一身的经典之作。

读者书评

★★★★★

#百科通识文库之52 #《圣经》专题之2 #《旧约入门》 这本小书写希伯来《旧约》,犹太、基督、伊斯兰三大教共同信奉的典籍。三大一神教又被称为“亚伯拉罕教”,因为犹太人是亚伯拉罕的儿子以撒的后代,而阿拉伯人则是亚伯拉罕长子以实玛利的后代,他们本来都是一家人,同属中东闪米特族。犹太教的先知是摩西,第二犹太教的先知是耶稣,第三犹太教的先知是穆罕默德。英国历史学家汤因比认为,还存在第四犹太教,其封印先知是犹太人卡尔·马克思。 《旧约》是犹太人编纂的典籍,时间跨度从公元前1000年直至前200年,时间跨度长达900年。《旧约》中的上帝耶和华与《新约》截然不同,是一个暴躁、猜忌、残暴的存在,动辄灭国灭城,降下无数灾难。这也反映了人类文明之初,霍布斯笔下那种“所有人对所有人的战争”状态。 《旧约》所记载的故事,在启蒙运动之前被认为是完全真实的信史。但在启蒙运动后受到广泛质疑,并不断被证伪。但近一百年来考古新发现又不断交叉印证了《旧约》一些故事的真实性。如果去除宗教性,把《旧约》当做一部文明史来看,一定是很有意思的。

★★★★★

最初,犹太学派只是一个研究摩西律法的学派,摩西命令每逢七年的末一年,就在住棚节的时候,在众人面前将这律法念给他们听,让他们听,让他们学习。因此,在每一个安息日宣读律法(在以色列人被掳以后的做法)应该没有其他目的,而只是让百姓认识到他们应予服从的诫律并向他们解释先知的著作。但是,根据所谓救主给予他们的诸多谴责,他们显然根据自己错误的注释和荒诞的传说而误用了律法的原文。并且他们对先知也知之甚少,以至于他们不承认先知所预言的基督和他所行的业迹。因此,他们根据自己在会堂里的演讲和辩论将律法原理变成了一门关于上帝和灵的、不可思议的空想哲学。他们从《圣经》中语意更为含混不清的、最易于穿凿附会地为自己提供支持的原文以及关于自己祖先荒诞的传说中幻想出一些东西来,将希腊人那种空洞的哲学和神学糅杂在一起而形成了这种哲学。

★☆☆☆☆

不推荐阅读,我是误读。对《旧约》的简单考据,没什么意思。要了解西方思想,需要读《圣经》,要了解中国人需要读《论语》,但具体考据就对非专业人员没什么必要。《圣经》和《论语》都是可以浅读也可深读的书,现代人读原著就行了。

★★★★★

对于最近的阅读尽管不是刻意怎样,还是布朗运动的方式,但是发现在以色列与巴勒斯坦冲突的时间,也是读了各种关于犹太人的内容,旧约也算是犹太人的典籍,所以读了很久也没有写点啥。本来想冲突消停了,再写点感受,但是似乎当下的冲突一旦产生都变成了持久性的。圣经分为新约和旧约,自己的理解也许是错误的,就是旧约是犹太教的经典,而新约是基督教的经典,还是有些怪异的经典,或者在人类有记录文字的早期,很多内容都是记录的不是那么完全,而是各种事情,可能是真实的也可能是想象出来的都被记录在一起。当然对于混沌状态我们需要怎样的考虑,那些与神话在一起的内容,似乎曾经存在了而且也可以使用很简单的方式来进行诠释,随着认识的深入而不断产生各种结果,非常类似于遍历相空间的状态,使得我们能够认识不一样的过去和结果。当然对于宗教的虔诚还是需要把文字圣神化开始,记得自己出国时候,与导师相处,发现信仰基督教的华人还是蛮多的,也有不少华人竟然放弃了转移变成了教士,同样信了基督教的竟然请学生吃饭,需要先学习圣经,所以对于不相信基督教的学生就是一种折磨和骚扰吧。一个人可以虔诚,但是不能让别人一样虔诚。

★★★★★

成文两千多年的神话故事,故事里的人物今天仍然鲜活,故事里的戒律今天仍有十亿计的人遵循,确实让人感叹。旧约作为三教共尊的经典,几乎影响了两千多年历史的方方面面,今天看到的太多东西,都可以寻根溯源。相比起来,说中华文化绵延至今从未断绝,但是传承的强度和连续性恐怕是比不上圣经文化的。

★★★★★

2022年4月24日 星期日 祝福早安 天气晴朗 气温17℃ 主日平安《旧约》入门 这是属于上帝的日子 我要带着满满的期待 将敬拜献给我的上帝 敬拜从读他话语开始 摩西说:“你们今天吃这个吧!因为今天是向耶和华守的安息日;你们在田野必找不着了。 六天可以收取,第七天乃是安息日,那一天必没有了。” 第七天,百姓中有人出去收,什么也找不着。 耶和华对摩西说:“你们不肯守我的诫命和律法,要到几时呢? 你们看!耶和华既将安息日赐给你们,所以第六天他赐给你们两天的食物,第七天各人要住在自己的地方,不许什么人出去。” 于是百姓第七天安息了。这食物,以色列家叫吗哪;样子像芫荽子,颜色是白的,滋味如同搀蜜的薄饼。 摩西说:“耶和华所吩咐的是这样:‘要将一满俄梅珥吗哪留到世世代代,使后人可以看见我当日将你们领出埃及地,在旷野所给你们吃的食物。’” 摩西对亚伦说:“你拿一个罐子,盛一满俄梅珥吗哪,存在耶和华面前,要留到世世代代。” 耶和华怎么吩咐摩西,亚伦就怎么行,把吗哪放在法柜前存留。 以色列人吃吗哪共四十年,直到进了有人居住之地,就是迦南的境界。( 俄梅珥就是伊法十分之一。)(出埃及记16:25-36 和合本) “Eat it today,” Moses said, “because today is a sabbath to the LORD . You will not find any of it on the ground today. Six days you are to gather it, but on the seventh day, the Sabbath, there will not be any.” Nevertheless, some of the people went out on the seventh day to gather it, but they found none. Then the LORD said to Moses, “How long will you refuse to keep my commands and my instructions? Bear in mind that the LORD has given you the Sabbath; that is why on the sixth day he gives you bread for two days. Everyone is to stay where they are on the seventh day; no one is to go out.” So the people rested on the seventh day. The people of Israel called the bread manna. It was white like coriander seed and tasted like wafers made with honey. Moses said, “This is what the LORD has commanded: ‘Take an omer of manna and keep it for the generations to come, so they can see the bread I gave you to eat in the wilderness when I brought you out of Egypt.’ ” So Moses said to Aaron, “Take a jar and put an omer of manna in it. Then place it before the LORD to be kept for the generations to come.” As the LORD commanded Moses, Aaron put the manna with the tablets of the covenant law, so that it might be preserved. The Israelites ate manna forty years, until they came to a land that was settled; they ate manna until they reached the border of Canaan. (An omer is one-tenth of an ephah.) (Exodus16:25-36 NIV) “当记念安息日,守为圣日。 六日要劳碌做你一切的工, 但第七日是向耶和华-你 神当守的安息日。这一日你和你的儿女、仆婢、牲畜,并你城里寄居的客旅,无论何工都不可做; 因为六日之内,耶和华造天、地、海,和其中的万物,第七日便安息,所以耶和华赐福与安息日,定为圣日。“当孝敬父母,使你的日子在耶和华-你 神所赐你的地上得以长久。(出埃及记20:8-12 和合本) “Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is a sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your male or female servant, nor your animals, nor any foreigner residing in your towns. For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy. “Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the LORD your God is giving you. (Exodus20:8-12 NIV) “你要吩咐以色列人说:‘你们务要守我的安息日;因为这是你我之间世世代代的证据,使你们知道我-耶和华是叫你们成为圣的。 所以你们要守安息日,以为圣日。凡干犯这日的,必要把他治死;凡在这日做工的,必从民中剪除。 六日要做工,但第七日是安息圣日,是向耶和华守为圣的。凡在安息日做工的,必要把他治死。’ 故此,以色列人要世世代代守安息日为永远的约。 这是我和以色列人永远的证据;因为六日之内耶和华造天地,第七日便安息舒畅。”耶和华在西奈山和摩西说完了话,就把两块法版交给他,是 神用指头写的石版。(出埃及记31:13-18 和合本) “Say to the Israelites, ‘You must observe my Sabbaths. This will be a sign between me and you for the generations to come, so you may know that I am the LORD , who makes you holy. “ ‘Observe the Sabbath, because it is holy to you. Anyone who desecrates it is to be put to death; those who do any work on that day must be cut off from their people. For six days work is to be done, but the seventh day is a day of sabbath rest, holy to the LORD . Whoever does any work on the Sabbath day is to be put to death. The Israelites are to observe the Sabbath, celebrating it for the generations to come as a lasting covenant. It will be a sign between me and the Israelites forever, for in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day he rested and was refreshed.’ ” When the LORD finished speaking to Moses on Mount Sinai, he gave him the two tablets of the covenant law, the tablets of stone inscribed by the finger of God. (Exodus31:13-18 NIV) 这日你们要守为圣安息日,要刻苦己心;这为永远的定例。 那受膏、接续他父亲承接圣职的祭司要穿上细麻布的圣衣,行赎罪之礼。 他要在至圣所和会幕与坛行赎罪之礼,并要为众祭司和会众的百姓赎罪。 这要作你们永远的定例-就是因以色列人一切的罪,要一年一次为他们赎罪。”于是,亚伦照耶和华所吩咐摩西的行了。(利未记16:31-34 和合本) It is a day of sabbath rest, and you must deny yourselves; it is a lasting ordinance. The priest who is anointed and ordained to succeed his father as high priest is to make atonement. He is to put on the sacred linen garments and make atonement for the Most Holy Place, for the tent of meeting and the altar, and for the priests and all the members of the community. “This is to be a lasting ordinance for you: Atonement is to be made once a year for all the sins of the Israelites.” And it was done, as the LORD commanded Moses. (Leviticus16:31-34 NIV) 这样,你的光就必发现如早晨的光;你所得的医治要速速发明。你的公义必在你前面行;耶和华的荣光必作你的后盾。那时你求告,耶和华必应允;你呼求,他必说:我在这里。你若从你中间除掉重轭和指摘人的指头,并发恶言的事,你心若向饥饿的人发怜悯,使困苦的人得满足,你的光就必在黑暗中发现;你的幽暗必变如正午。耶和华也必时常引导你,在干旱之地使你心满意足,骨头强壮。你必像浇灌的园子,又像水流不绝的泉源。那些出于你的人必修造久已荒废之处;你要建立拆毁累代的根基。你必称为补破口的,和重修路径与人居住的。你若在安息日掉转(或译:谨慎)你的脚步,在我圣日不以操作为喜乐,称安息日为可喜乐的,称耶和华的圣日为可尊重的;而且尊敬这日,不办自己的私事,不随自己的私意,不说自己的私话,你就以耶和华为乐。耶和华要使你乘驾地的高处,又以你祖雅各的产业养育你。这是耶和华亲口说的。(以赛亚书58:8-14 和合本) Then your light will break forth like the dawn, and your healing will quickly appear; then your righteousness will go before you, and the glory of the LORD will be your rear guard. Then you will call, and the LORD will answer; you will cry for help, and he will say: Here am I. “If you do away with the yoke of oppression, with the pointing finger and malicious talk, and if you spend yourselves in behalf of the hungry and satisfy the needs of the oppressed, then your light will rise in the darkness, and your night will become like the noonday. The LORD will guide you always; he will satisfy your needs in a sun-scorched land and will strengthen your frame. You will be like a well-watered garden, like a spring whose waters never fail. Your people will rebuild the ancient ruins and will raise up the age-old foundations; you will be called Repairer of Broken Walls, Restorer of Streets with Dwellings. “If you keep your feet from breaking the Sabbath and from doing as you please on my holy day, if you call the Sabbath a delight and the LORD ’s holy day honorable, and if you honor it by not going your own way and not doing as you please or speaking idle words, then you will find your joy in the LORD , and I will cause you to ride in triumph on the heights of the land and to feast on the inheritance of your father Jacob.” The mouth of the LORD has spoken. (Isaiah58:8-14 NIV) 那时,耶稣在安息日从麦地经过。他的门徒饿了,就掐起麦穗来吃。 法利赛人看见,就对耶稣说:“看哪,你的门徒做安息日不可做的事了!” 耶稣对他们说:“经上记着大卫和跟从他的人饥饿之时所做的事,你们没有念过吗? 他怎么进了 神的殿,吃了陈设饼,这饼不是他和跟从他的人可以吃得,惟独祭司才可以吃。 再者,律法上所记的,当安息日,祭司在殿里犯了安息日还是没有罪,你们没有念过吗? 但我告诉你们,在这里有一人比殿更大。 ‘我喜爱怜恤,不喜爱祭祀。’你们若明白这话的意思,就不将无罪的当作有罪的了。 因为人子是安息日的主。”耶稣离开那地方,进了一个会堂。 (马太福音12:1-9 和合本) At that time Jesus went through the grainfields on the Sabbath. His disciples were hungry and began to pick some heads of grain and eat them. When the Pharisees saw this, they said to him, “Look! Your disciples are doing what is unlawful on the Sabbath.” He answered, “Haven’t you read what David did when he and his companions were hungry?He entered the house of God, and he and his companions ate the consecrated bread—which was not lawful for them to do, but only for the priests.Or haven’t you read in the Law that the priests on Sabbath duty in the temple desecrate the Sabbath and yet are innocent?I tell you that something greater than the temple is here.If you had known what these words mean, ‘I desire mercy, not sacrifice,’ you would not have condemned the innocent.For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath.”Going on from that place, he went into their synagogue, (Matthew12:1-9 NIV) 有一个安息日,耶稣从麦地经过。他的门徒掐了麦穗,用手搓着吃。 有几个法利赛人说:“你们为什么做安息日不可做的事呢?” 耶稣对他们说:“经上记着大卫和跟从他的人饥饿之时所做的事,连这个你们也没有念过吗? 他怎么进了 神的殿,拿陈设饼吃,又给跟从的人吃?这饼除了祭司以外,别人都不可吃。” 又对他们说:“人子是安息日的主。”又有一个安息日,耶稣进了会堂教训人,在那里有一个人右手枯干了。 文士和法利赛人窥探耶稣,在安息日治病不治病,要得把柄去告他。 耶稣却知道他们的意念,就对那枯干一只手的人说:“起来!站在当中。”那人就起来,站着。 耶稣对他们说:“我问你们,在安息日行善行恶,救命害命,哪样是可以的呢?” 他就周围看着他们众人,对那人说:“伸出手来!”他把手一伸,手就复了原。 他们就满心大怒,彼此商议怎样处治耶稣。那时,耶稣出去,上山祷告,整夜祷告 神; 到了天亮,叫他的门徒来,就从他们中间挑选十二个人,称他们为使徒。 (路加福音6:1-13 和合本) One Sabbath Jesus was going through the grainfields, and his disciples began to pick some heads of grain……

★★★★★

三个月后,我又读了一遍。 库根说,《旧约》不是绝对的。那么,我也要说,库根的这本解读,从西方人的视角,带有某些或故意、或不自觉的虚假叙事。带了节奏。作为异族、异教、不同文化传统下的读者,你一定要注意甄别该解读的局限性。 《圣经》也有不圣的地方!所以,要辩证地读。

★★★★★

很不错的宗教相关书籍,正如书名所言,旧约入门!

★★★★★

从《旧约》看东西方文化差异性真的很有趣: 西方来自同源而标新立异,东方追求大同而不问出处; 西方的经典是神说的话,东方的经典是先贤说的话; 西方通过经典立约,找到同类人人皆兄弟,东方通过经典教化,找到位置人人皆守礼; 西方的历史观:一切发生的事最终都是耶和华的作为,标准是确定的,具体推测看后世的解读; 东方的历史观:顺天者昌,逆天者亡,天这个标准没有那么清晰,但是东方人心里又很清楚是啥标准。

★☆☆☆☆

非常不可 带着人的先入为主和世上的小学是无法看明白圣经的

书籍信息

作者迈克尔·库根
出版社外语教学与研究出版社
出版时间2015-08-01
ISBN9787513564861
分类哲学宗教-西方哲学
格式EPUB
完结状态连载中
章节数20