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《舊約》入門 封面

《舊約》入門

邁克爾·庫根

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內容簡介

《<舊約>入門》舊約究竟是什麼?它和希伯來聖經有什麼區別?天主教、東正教和新教各自的聖經又有什麼不同?古代近東文獻的發現對解讀聖經有何意義?舊約是如何將歷史和神話結合在一起的?考古發現以及其他非聖經證據對解讀舊約有何幫助?著名的聖經學者邁克爾·庫根以廣闊的視角深入探討了舊約的方方面面,引領我們走進舊約——這一集史書、文學作品和聖經典籍於一身的經典之作。

讀者書評

★★★★★

#百科通識文庫之52 #《聖經》專題之2 #《舊約入門》 這本小書寫希伯來《舊約》,猶太、基督、伊斯蘭三大教共同信奉的典籍。三大一神教又被稱爲“亞伯拉罕教”,因爲猶太人是亞伯拉罕的兒子以撒的後代,而阿拉伯人則是亞伯拉罕長子以實瑪利的後代,他們本來都是一家人,同屬中東閃米特族。猶太教的先知是摩西,第二猶太教的先知是耶穌,第三猶太教的先知是穆罕默德。英國曆史學家湯因比認爲,還存在第四猶太教,其封印先知是猶太人卡爾·馬克思。 《舊約》是猶太人編纂的典籍,時間跨度從公元前1000年直至前200年,時間跨度長達900年。《舊約》中的上帝耶和華與《新約》截然不同,是一個暴躁、猜忌、殘暴的存在,動輒滅國滅城,降下無數災難。這也反映了人類文明之初,霍布斯筆下那種“所有人對所有人的戰爭”狀態。 《舊約》所記載的故事,在啓蒙運動之前被認爲是完全真實的信史。但在啓蒙運動後受到廣泛質疑,並不斷被證僞。但近一百年來考古新發現又不斷交叉印證了《舊約》一些故事的真實性。如果去除宗教性,把《舊約》當做一部文明史來看,一定是很有意思的。

★★★★★

最初,猶太學派只是一個研究摩西律法的學派,摩西命令每逢七年的末一年,就在住棚節的時候,在衆人面前將這律法念給他們聽,讓他們聽,讓他們學習。因此,在每一個安息日宣讀律法(在以色列人被擄以後的做法)應該沒有其他目的,而只是讓百姓認識到他們應予服從的誡律並向他們解釋先知的著作。但是,根據所謂救主給予他們的諸多譴責,他們顯然根據自己錯誤的註釋和荒誕的傳說而誤用了律法的原文。並且他們對先知也知之甚少,以至於他們不承認先知所預言的基督和他所行的業跡。因此,他們根據自己在會堂裏的演講和辯論將律法原理變成了一門關於上帝和靈的、不可思議的空想哲學。他們從《聖經》中語意更爲含混不清的、最易於穿鑿附會地爲自己提供支持的原文以及關於自己祖先荒誕的傳說中幻想出一些東西來,將希臘人那種空洞的哲學和神學糅雜在一起而形成了這種哲學。

★☆☆☆☆

不推薦閱讀,我是誤讀。對《舊約》的簡單考據,沒什麼意思。要了解西方思想,需要讀《聖經》,要了解中國人需要讀《論語》,但具體考據就對非專業人員沒什麼必要。《聖經》和《論語》都是可以淺讀也可深讀的書,現代人讀原著就行了。

★★★★★

對於最近的閱讀儘管不是刻意怎樣,還是布朗運動的方式,但是發現在以色列與巴勒斯坦衝突的時間,也是讀了各種關於猶太人的內容,舊約也算是猶太人的典籍,所以讀了很久也沒有寫點啥。本來想衝突消停了,再寫點感受,但是似乎當下的衝突一旦產生都變成了持久性的。聖經分爲新約和舊約,自己的理解也許是錯誤的,就是舊約是猶太教的經典,而新約是基督教的經典,還是有些怪異的經典,或者在人類有記錄文字的早期,很多內容都是記錄的不是那麼完全,而是各種事情,可能是真實的也可能是想象出來的都被記錄在一起。當然對於混沌狀態我們需要怎樣的考慮,那些與神話在一起的內容,似乎曾經存在了而且也可以使用很簡單的方式來進行詮釋,隨着認識的深入而不斷產生各種結果,非常類似於遍歷相空間的狀態,使得我們能夠認識不一樣的過去和結果。當然對於宗教的虔誠還是需要把文字聖神化開始,記得自己出國時候,與導師相處,發現信仰基督教的華人還是蠻多的,也有不少華人竟然放棄了轉移變成了教士,同樣信了基督教的竟然請學生喫飯,需要先學習聖經,所以對於不相信基督教的學生就是一種折磨和騷擾吧。一個人可以虔誠,但是不能讓別人一樣虔誠。

★★★★★

成文兩千多年的神話故事,故事裏的人物今天仍然鮮活,故事裏的戒律今天仍有十億計的人遵循,確實讓人感嘆。舊約作爲三教共尊的經典,幾乎影響了兩千多年曆史的方方面面,今天看到的太多東西,都可以尋根溯源。相比起來,說中華文化綿延至今從未斷絕,但是傳承的強度和連續性恐怕是比不上聖經文化的。

★★★★★

2022年4月24日 星期日 祝福早安 天氣晴朗 氣溫17℃ 主日平安《舊約》入門 這是屬於上帝的日子 我要帶着滿滿的期待 將敬拜獻給我的上帝 敬拜從讀他話語開始 摩西說:“你們今天喫這個吧!因爲今天是向耶和華守的安息日;你們在田野必找不着了。 六天可以收取,第七天乃是安息日,那一天必沒有了。” 第七天,百姓中有人出去收,什麼也找不着。 耶和華對摩西說:“你們不肯守我的誡命和律法,要到幾時呢? 你們看!耶和華既將安息日賜給你們,所以第六天他賜給你們兩天的食物,第七天各人要住在自己的地方,不許什麼人出去。” 於是百姓第七天安息了。這食物,以色列家叫嗎哪;樣子像芫荽子,顏色是白的,滋味如同攙蜜的薄餅。 摩西說:“耶和華所吩咐的是這樣:‘要將一滿俄梅珥嗎哪留到世世代代,使後人可以看見我當日將你們領出埃及地,在曠野所給你們喫的食物。’” 摩西對亞倫說:“你拿一個罐子,盛一滿俄梅珥嗎哪,存在耶和華面前,要留到世世代代。” 耶和華怎麼吩咐摩西,亞倫就怎麼行,把嗎哪放在法櫃前存留。 以色列人喫嗎哪共四十年,直到進了有人居住之地,就是迦南的境界。( 俄梅珥就是伊法十分之一。)(出埃及記16:25-36 和合本) “Eat it today,” Moses said, “because today is a sabbath to the LORD . You will not find any of it on the ground today. Six days you are to gather it, but on the seventh day, the Sabbath, there will not be any.” Nevertheless, some of the people went out on the seventh day to gather it, but they found none. Then the LORD said to Moses, “How long will you refuse to keep my commands and my instructions? Bear in mind that the LORD has given you the Sabbath; that is why on the sixth day he gives you bread for two days. Everyone is to stay where they are on the seventh day; no one is to go out.” So the people rested on the seventh day. The people of Israel called the bread manna. It was white like coriander seed and tasted like wafers made with honey. Moses said, “This is what the LORD has commanded: ‘Take an omer of manna and keep it for the generations to come, so they can see the bread I gave you to eat in the wilderness when I brought you out of Egypt.’ ” So Moses said to Aaron, “Take a jar and put an omer of manna in it. Then place it before the LORD to be kept for the generations to come.” As the LORD commanded Moses, Aaron put the manna with the tablets of the covenant law, so that it might be preserved. The Israelites ate manna forty years, until they came to a land that was settled; they ate manna until they reached the border of Canaan. (An omer is one-tenth of an ephah.) (Exodus16:25-36 NIV) “當記念安息日,守爲聖日。 六日要勞碌做你一切的工, 但第七日是向耶和華-你 神當守的安息日。這一日你和你的兒女、僕婢、牲畜,並你城裏寄居的客旅,無論何工都不可做; 因爲六日之內,耶和華造天、地、海,和其中的萬物,第七日便安息,所以耶和華賜福與安息日,定爲聖日。“當孝敬父母,使你的日子在耶和華-你 神所賜你的地上得以長久。(出埃及記20:8-12 和合本) “Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is a sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your male or female servant, nor your animals, nor any foreigner residing in your towns. For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy. “Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the LORD your God is giving you. (Exodus20:8-12 NIV) “你要吩咐以色列人說:‘你們務要守我的安息日;因爲這是你我之間世世代代的證據,使你們知道我-耶和華是叫你們成爲聖的。 所以你們要守安息日,以爲聖日。凡干犯這日的,必要把他治死;凡在這日做工的,必從民中剪除。 六日要做工,但第七日是安息聖日,是向耶和華守爲聖的。凡在安息日做工的,必要把他治死。’ 故此,以色列人要世世代代守安息日爲永遠的約。 這是我和以色列人永遠的證據;因爲六日之內耶和華造天地,第七日便安息舒暢。”耶和華在西奈山和摩西說完了話,就把兩塊法版交給他,是 神用指頭寫的石版。(出埃及記31:13-18 和合本) “Say to the Israelites, ‘You must observe my Sabbaths. This will be a sign between me and you for the generations to come, so you may know that I am the LORD , who makes you holy. “ ‘Observe the Sabbath, because it is holy to you. Anyone who desecrates it is to be put to death; those who do any work on that day must be cut off from their people. For six days work is to be done, but the seventh day is a day of sabbath rest, holy to the LORD . Whoever does any work on the Sabbath day is to be put to death. The Israelites are to observe the Sabbath, celebrating it for the generations to come as a lasting covenant. It will be a sign between me and the Israelites forever, for in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day he rested and was refreshed.’ ” When the LORD finished speaking to Moses on Mount Sinai, he gave him the two tablets of the covenant law, the tablets of stone inscribed by the finger of God. (Exodus31:13-18 NIV) 這日你們要守爲聖安息日,要刻苦己心;這爲永遠的定例。 那受膏、接續他父親承接聖職的祭司要穿上細麻布的聖衣,行贖罪之禮。 他要在至聖所和會幕與壇行贖罪之禮,並要爲衆祭司和會衆的百姓贖罪。 這要作你們永遠的定例-就是因以色列人一切的罪,要一年一次爲他們贖罪。”於是,亞倫照耶和華所吩咐摩西的行了。(利未記16:31-34 和合本) It is a day of sabbath rest, and you must deny yourselves; it is a lasting ordinance. The priest who is anointed and ordained to succeed his father as high priest is to make atonement. He is to put on the sacred linen garments and make atonement for the Most Holy Place, for the tent of meeting and the altar, and for the priests and all the members of the community. “This is to be a lasting ordinance for you: Atonement is to be made once a year for all the sins of the Israelites.” And it was done, as the LORD commanded Moses. (Leviticus16:31-34 NIV) 這樣,你的光就必發現如早晨的光;你所得的醫治要速速發明。你的公義必在你前面行;耶和華的榮光必作你的後盾。那時你求告,耶和華必應允;你呼求,他必說:我在這裏。你若從你中間除掉重軛和指摘人的指頭,併發惡言的事,你心若向飢餓的人發憐憫,使困苦的人得滿足,你的光就必在黑暗中發現;你的幽暗必變如正午。耶和華也必時常引導你,在乾旱之地使你心滿意足,骨頭強壯。你必像澆灌的園子,又像水流不絕的泉源。那些出於你的人必修造久已荒廢之處;你要建立拆毀累代的根基。你必稱爲補破口的,和重修路徑與人居住的。你若在安息日掉轉(或譯:謹慎)你的腳步,在我聖日不以操作爲喜樂,稱安息日爲可喜樂的,稱耶和華的聖日爲可尊重的;而且尊敬這日,不辦自己的私事,不隨自己的私意,不說自己的私話,你就以耶和華爲樂。耶和華要使你乘駕地的高處,又以你祖雅各的產業養育你。這是耶和華親口說的。(以賽亞書58:8-14 和合本) Then your light will break forth like the dawn, and your healing will quickly appear; then your righteousness will go before you, and the glory of the LORD will be your rear guard. Then you will call, and the LORD will answer; you will cry for help, and he will say: Here am I. “If you do away with the yoke of oppression, with the pointing finger and malicious talk, and if you spend yourselves in behalf of the hungry and satisfy the needs of the oppressed, then your light will rise in the darkness, and your night will become like the noonday. The LORD will guide you always; he will satisfy your needs in a sun-scorched land and will strengthen your frame. You will be like a well-watered garden, like a spring whose waters never fail. Your people will rebuild the ancient ruins and will raise up the age-old foundations; you will be called Repairer of Broken Walls, Restorer of Streets with Dwellings. “If you keep your feet from breaking the Sabbath and from doing as you please on my holy day, if you call the Sabbath a delight and the LORD ’s holy day honorable, and if you honor it by not going your own way and not doing as you please or speaking idle words, then you will find your joy in the LORD , and I will cause you to ride in triumph on the heights of the land and to feast on the inheritance of your father Jacob.” The mouth of the LORD has spoken. (Isaiah58:8-14 NIV) 那時,耶穌在安息日從麥地經過。他的門徒餓了,就掐起麥穗來喫。 法利賽人看見,就對耶穌說:“看哪,你的門徒做安息日不可做的事了!” 耶穌對他們說:“經上記着大衛和跟從他的人飢餓之時所做的事,你們沒有念過嗎? 他怎麼進了 神的殿,喫了陳設餅,這餅不是他和跟從他的人可以喫得,惟獨祭司纔可以喫。 再者,律法上所記的,當安息日,祭司在殿裏犯了安息日還是沒有罪,你們沒有念過嗎? 但我告訴你們,在這裏有一人比殿更大。 ‘我喜愛憐恤,不喜愛祭祀。’你們若明白這話的意思,就不將無罪的當作有罪的了。 因爲人子是安息日的主。”耶穌離開那地方,進了一個會堂。 (馬太福音12:1-9 和合本) At that time Jesus went through the grainfields on the Sabbath. His disciples were hungry and began to pick some heads of grain and eat them. When the Pharisees saw this, they said to him, “Look! Your disciples are doing what is unlawful on the Sabbath.” He answered, “Haven’t you read what David did when he and his companions were hungry?He entered the house of God, and he and his companions ate the consecrated bread—which was not lawful for them to do, but only for the priests.Or haven’t you read in the Law that the priests on Sabbath duty in the temple desecrate the Sabbath and yet are innocent?I tell you that something greater than the temple is here.If you had known what these words mean, ‘I desire mercy, not sacrifice,’ you would not have condemned the innocent.For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath.”Going on from that place, he went into their synagogue, (Matthew12:1-9 NIV) 有一個安息日,耶穌從麥地經過。他的門徒掐了麥穗,用手搓着喫。 有幾個法利賽人說:“你們爲什麼做安息日不可做的事呢?” 耶穌對他們說:“經上記着大衛和跟從他的人飢餓之時所做的事,連這個你們也沒有念過嗎? 他怎麼進了 神的殿,拿陳設餅喫,又給跟從的人喫?這餅除了祭司以外,別人都不可喫。” 又對他們說:“人子是安息日的主。”又有一個安息日,耶穌進了會堂教訓人,在那裏有一個人右手枯乾了。 文士和法利賽人窺探耶穌,在安息日治病不治病,要得把柄去告他。 耶穌卻知道他們的意念,就對那枯乾一隻手的人說:“起來!站在當中。”那人就起來,站着。 耶穌對他們說:“我問你們,在安息日行善行惡,救命害命,哪樣是可以的呢?” 他就周圍看着他們衆人,對那人說:“伸出手來!”他把手一伸,手就復了原。 他們就滿心大怒,彼此商議怎樣處治耶穌。那時,耶穌出去,上山禱告,整夜禱告 神; 到了天亮,叫他的門徒來,就從他們中間挑選十二個人,稱他們爲使徒。 (路加福音6:1-13 和合本) One Sabbath Jesus was going through the grainfields, and his disciples began to pick some heads of grain……

★★★★★

三個月後,我又讀了一遍。 庫根說,《舊約》不是絕對的。那麼,我也要說,庫根的這本解讀,從西方人的視角,帶有某些或故意、或不自覺的虛假敘事。帶了節奏。作爲異族、異教、不同文化傳統下的讀者,你一定要注意甄別該解讀的侷限性。 《聖經》也有不聖的地方!所以,要辯證地讀。

★★★★★

很不錯的宗教相關書籍,正如書名所言,舊約入門!

★★★★★

從《舊約》看東西方文化差異性真的很有趣: 西方來自同源而標新立異,東方追求大同而不問出處; 西方的經典是神說的話,東方的經典是先賢說的話; 西方通過經典立約,找到同類人人皆兄弟,東方通過經典教化,找到位置人人皆守禮; 西方的歷史觀:一切發生的事最終都是耶和華的作爲,標準是確定的,具體推測看後世的解讀; 東方的歷史觀:順天者昌,逆天者亡,天這個標準沒有那麼清晰,但是東方人心裏又很清楚是啥標準。

★☆☆☆☆

非常不可 帶着人的先入爲主和世上的小學是無法看明白聖經的

書籍信息

作者邁克爾·庫根
出版社外語教學與研究出版社
出版時間2015-08-01
ISBN9787513564861
分類哲學宗教-西方哲學
格式EPUB
完結狀態連載中
章節數20